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In recent years, the international community has increasingly abandoned comprehensive sanctions in favour of targeted sanctions. This book argues that this change demands a new way of understanding international sanctions practice. Based on substantial research, this valuable new perspective provides a fresh perspective on targeted sanctions, exploring trends in practice and offering unique case studies for evaluation.

Lack of resources makes the African Union dependent on external funding for military support and peacebuilding. Policy makers who want to support the AU and its members in their efforts to avoid becoming pieces in external powers' geopolitical puzzle, should promote non-military solutions to security challenges.

When will we see a regional UN headquarter for migration in Rabat, or a centre of excellence for ocean studies in Tripoli? In this policy note, NAI researcher Mikael Eriksson recommends outside-the-box thinking, in an effort to gain a fresh perspective on a region that may have lost its spring-time energy, but not the idea itself – or the people behind it.

Despite its contemporary relevance, we still have limited empirical knowledge about the forces underlying complex internationalization processes as when multinational corporations (MNCs) seek to enter new growing markets. Based on a real-time process study comprising ninety interviews and two hundred hours of observation made between 2009 and 2012, Atlas Copco's entry into the Chinese mid-market was investigated. The intra-organizational analysis showed that three inter-related processes were underlying Atlas' market entry and the results suggest that multiple interrelated motors may drive many contemporary internationalization processes. The processes identified are a sequential strategy process, an evolutionary process which shows that routines changed, and a political process. A somewhat surprising finding is that the main driver of internationalization according to received theory, the firm's accumulated experiences, not only can drive internationalization, but may also hamper MNC managers' possibilities to enter many of today's new and growing markets. The findings add to our knowledge of the internationalization process in an increasingly complex international business setting, and especially highlight the need to distinguish between the sequential strategy process – more in line with received theory – and the other processes, in order to get a more full-fledged picture of what internationalization in large MNCs is all about.

This report is based on a set of interviews and observations from a research mission undertaken in Harare, Zimbabwe in September 2006. As part of a broader dissertation project conducted at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy, this field trip to Zimbabwe was designed to study the impact of targeted sanctions. Of particular concern was the impact of the travel bans and assets freeze measures on targeted individuals applied by the European Union (EU). Other sanctions measures in place, such as the arms embargo or other indirect trade restrictions, are omitted in this study. A set of interviews were conducted with different members of the civil society (both national and international); key representatives of the government of Zimbabwe; political parties (ZANU-PF and MDC factions), foreign embassy representatives, as well as researchers. All interviews had an open-ended character with guiding questions. Anonymity was granted to those interviewed. Additionally information public reports, news-articles and monthly bulletins covering African and Zimbabwean issues were used (also news articles from state owed papers) in order to include government perceptions. The Human Rights Trust of Southern Africa (SAHRIT) was instrumental in facilitating contacts during the mission, while the Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala Sweden was supportive in awarding me a travel grant. Hence, both institutions deserve special thanks. It should be noted that some interviews that were made with particular targeted entities of sanctions have been left out here, and will be incorporated in the PhD thesis. Summary and Recommendations are included in the final section ; The Special Program on the Implementation of Targeted Sanctions (SPITS)

1. Peacemaking and peacebuilding : two ends of a tail / Mikael Eriksson and Roland Kostic -- 2. American nation-building abroad : exceptional powers, broken promises and the making of 'Bosnia' / Roland Kostic -- 3. Reconstituting crisis : revisiting the Dayton and Rambouillet agreements and their impact in Kosovo / Jens Stilhoff Sorensen -- 4. The liberal trap : peacemaking and peacebuilding in Afghanistan after 9/11 / Florian Krampe -- 5. Sudan : the role of foreign involvement in the shaping and implementation of the Sudan comprehensive peace agreement / Øystein H. Rolandsen -- 6. The Ouagadougaou political accord / Camilla Elowson -- 7. Going it alone : the Casamance conflict and the challenges of internal peacemaking / Jannie Lilja and Mohamed Lamine Manga -- 8. An appraisal of the liberal peacebuilding exercise in Sierra Leone / Eldridge Vigil Adolfo -- 9. Rethinking peacemaking : peace at all costs? / Mikael Eriksson and Roland Kostic.

This book offers a state-of-the-art examination of peacemaking, looking at its theoretical assumptions, empirical applications and its consequences. Despite the wealth of research on external interventions and practices of Western peacebuilding, many scholars tend to rely on findings in the so-called 'post-agreement' phase of interventions. As a result, most mainstream peacebuilding literature pays limited or no attention to the linkages that exist between mediation practices in the negotiation phase and processes in the post-peace agreement phase of intervention. By linking t.